Formats

Paraphrase

A franchise agreement can be either distributorships, chain-style business operations, or manufacturing or processing-plant arrangements (Cross & Miller, 2007).

Direct Quotation

“[F]ranchises fall into one of the following classifications: distributorships, chain-style business operations, and manufacturing or processing-plant arrangements” (Cross & Miller, 2007, p. 394).

(In the example of the direct quotation, the f in franchises has been placed in brackets, [F].  This indicates that in the original source the f was not capitalized.  Since this sentence is being used by itself, the author is capitalizing the f.)

Book with One Author

Paraphrase

(Rich, 1994).

Direct Quotation

(Rich, 1994, p.131)

Reference

Rich, D.A. (1994). How to stay motivated on a daily basis.  Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co.

Book with Two Authors

Paraphrase

(Cross & Miller, 2007).

Direct Quotation

(Cross & Miller, 2007, pp. 142-143).

Reference

Cross, F.B., & Miller, R.L. (2007). West’s legal environment of business (6th ed.). Mason, OH: Thomson Higher Education.

Book with Three Authors

1st  Paraphrase

(Thorne McAlister, Ferrell, & Ferrell, 2005).

2nd  Paraphrase

(Thorne McAlister et al., 2005).

1st Direct Quote

(Thorne McAlister, Ferrell & Ferrell, 2005, p. 43).

2nd Direct Quote

(Thorne McAlister et al., 2005, p. 43).

Reference

Thorne McAlister, D., Ferrell, O.C., & Ferrell, L. (2005). Business and society: a strategic approach to social responsibility (2nd ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.

Journal Article with One Author

Paraphrase

(Lampe, 2006).

Direct Quotation

(Lampe, 2006, p. 7).

Reference

Lampe, M. (2006). A new paradigm for the teaching of business law and legal environment classes. Journal of Legal Studies Education, 23(1), 1-51.

Journal Article with Two Authors

Paraphrase

(Warnick & Pareja, 2002).

Direct Quotation

(Warnick & Pareja, 2002, pp.54-55).

Reference

Warnick, J.A., & Pareja, S. (2002). Selecting a trust situs in the 21st century. Probate & Property, 16(2), 53-59.

Magazine Article

Paraphrase

(Kluger, 2006).

Direct Quotation

(Kluger, 2006, pp. 48-49).

Reference

Kluger, J. (2006, July 10). The new science of siblings. Time, 168(2), 47-55.

Newspaper Article

Paraphrase

(Laidman, 2007).

Direct Quotation

(Laidman, 2007, p. B2).

Reference

Laidman, J. (2007, February 2). Official wants state to shut repeat smoke-ban violators. The Toledo Blade, pp. B1, B2.

Newspaper Article without Author

Paraphrase

(“Lake local to save more than $1M by refinancing,” 2007).

Direct Quotation

(“Lake local to save more than $1M by refinancing,” 2007, p. B1).

Reference

Lake local to save more than $1M by refinancing. (2007, February 2). The Toledo Blade, p. B1.

Dictionary or Encyclopedia

Paraphrase

(Sadie, 1980.)

Direct Quotation

(Sadie, 1980, p. 23).

Reference

Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove dictionary of music and musicians (6th ed., Vols. 1-20). London: Macmillan.

Government Report

1st Paraphrase

(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1999).

2nd Paraphrase

(NIMH, 1999).

1st Direct Quote

(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1999, p. 195).

2nd Direct Quote

(NIMH, 1999, p. 195).

Reference

National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness (DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679).  Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.